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{{Interventions infobox
| Name = Acupuncture
| Image = Acupuncture1-1.jpg
| Caption = Needles being inserted into a patient's ear
| OtherCodes =
}}

'''Acupuncture''' ({{zh | s=针灸| hp=zhēnjiǔ}}) is a medicical methodology originating in [[ancient China]] that treats patients by manipulating thin, solid needles which have been inserted into [[acupuncture points]] in the skin.

According to [[Traditional Chinese medicine]], stimulating these points can correct imbalances in the flow of ''[[qi]]'' through channels known as [[meridian (Chinese medicine)|meridians]].<ref name="NIH-1997consensus">{{cite web |author=NIH Consensus Development Program |title=Acupuncture --Consensus Development Conference Statement |url=http://consensus.nih.gov/1997/1997Acupuncture107html.htm |date=November 3–5, 1997 |publisher=[[National Institutes of Health]] |accessdate=2007-07-17| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20070714081037/http://consensus.nih.gov/1997/1997Acupuncture107html.htm| archivedate= 14 July 2007 | deadurl= no}}</ref> However, scientific research has not found any [[histology|histological]] or [[physiology|physiological]] correlates for ''qi'', meridians and acupuncture points,<ref name = SinghErnstTCM>{{cite book | last = Singh | first = S | authorlink = Simon Singh | coauthors = [[Edzard Ernst|Ernst E]] | year = 2008 | title = [[Trick or Treatment|Trick or treatment: The undeniable facts about alternative medicine]] | isbn = 0-393-06661-6{{Please check ISBN|reason=Check digit (6) does not correspond to calculated figure.}} | publisher = [[W. W. Norton & Company]] | pages = 39–90 | chapter = The Truth about Acupuncture | quote="Scientists are still unable to find a shred of evidence to support the existence of meridians or Ch'i" (p72 – UK Ed.), "The traditional principles of acupuncture are deeply flawed, as there is no evidence at all to demonstrate the existence of Ch'i or meridians" (p107 – UK Ed.) "Acupuncture points and meridians are not a reality, but merely the product of an ancient Chinese philosophy" (p387 – UK Ed.)}}</ref><ref name = Bauer>{{cite journal |first=M |last=Bauer |url=http://www.chinesemedicinetimes.com/section.php?xSec=122 |journal=Chinese Medicine Times |volume=1 |issue=4 |page=31 |year=2006 |title=The Final Days of Traditional Beliefs? – Part One}}</ref><ref name="Ahn2008" /> and some contemporary practitioners needle the body without using the traditional theoretical framework.<ref name=Mann>{{cite book | last = Mann | first = F | authorlink = Felix Mann | isbn = 0-7506-4857-0 | publisher = [[Elsevier Health Sciences|Elsevier]] | year = 2000 | title = Reinventing acupuncture: a new concept of ancient medicine}}</ref><ref name="Peñas2010">{{cite book |last1=de las Peñas |first1=César Fernández |last2=Arendt-Nielsen |first2=Lars |last3=Gerwin |first3=Robert D |title=Tension-type and cervicogenic headache: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management |publisher=[[Jones & Bartlett Learning]] |year =2010 |isbn=978-0-7637-5283-5 | pages = [http://books.google.ca/books?id=HpRwMB-cNCoC&pg=PA251#v=onepage&q&f=false 251–4] }}</ref>

Current scientific research supports acupuncture's efficacy in the relief of certain types of pain and post-operative nausea.<ref name="pmid15266478"/><ref name="pmid21440191"/> Other reviews have concluded that positive results reported for acupuncture are too small to be of clinical relevance and may be the result of inadequate [[Blind experiment|experimental blinding]],<ref name = Madsen2009>{{cite journal |last1=Madsen |first1=M. V. |last2=Gotzsche |first2=P. C |last3=Hrobjartsson |first3=A. |title=Acupuncture treatment for pain: systematic review of randomised clinical trials with acupuncture, placebo acupuncture, and no acupuncture groups |journal=BMJ |volume=338 |pages=a3115 |year=2009 |pmid=19174438 |pmc=2769056 |doi=10.1136/bmj.a3115}}</ref> or can be explained by [[placebo]] effects<ref name = "Ernst2006">{{cite pmid | 16420542 }}</ref><ref name = RetractingNeedleStudies>{{cite book | last = Singh | first = S | authorlink = Simon Singh | coauthors = [[Edzard Ernst|Ernst E]] | year = 2008 | title = [[Trick or Treatment|Trick or treatment: The undeniable facts about alternative medicine]] | isbn = 0-393-06661-6{{Please check ISBN|reason=Check digit (6) does not correspond to calculated figure.}} | publisher = [[W. W. Norton & Company]] | pages = 103–106 | chapter = The Truth about Acupuncture | quote="These initial conclusions have generally been disappointing for acupuncturists: They provide no convincing evidence that real acupuncture is significantly more effective than placebo." (p. 104)}}</ref> and [[publication bias]].<ref name=Lee2006/><ref name=Tang1999/> Other researchers have pointed out the difficulty in designing an adequate [[scientific control]] for any placebo effect acupuncture might have due to its invasiveness.<ref name="pmid17265547"/><ref name="pmid12184353">{{cite journal |last1=White |first1=A.R. |last2=Filshie |first2=J. |last3=Cummings |first3=T.M. |author4=International Acupuncture Research Forum |title=Clinical trials of acupuncture: consensus recommendations for optimal treatment, sham controls and blinding |journal=Complementary Therapies in Medicine |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=237–245 |year=2001 |pmid=12184353 |doi=10.1054/ctim.2001.0489}}</ref><ref name="pmid16783282"/>

There is general agreement that acupuncture is safe when administered by well-trained practitioners using sterile needles<ref name="NCCAM2006-Acupuncture">{{cite web |title=Acupuncture |url=http://nccam.nih.gov/health/acupuncture/ |publisher=US [[National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine]] |year=2006 |accessdate=2006-03-02| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20060208042446/http://nccam.nih.gov/health/acupuncture/| archivedate= 8 February 2006 | deadurl= no}}</ref><ref name="pmid12801494">{{cite journal |last1=Ernst |first1=G |last2=Strzyz |first2=H |last3=Hagmeister |first3=H |title=Incidence of adverse effects during acupuncture therapy—a multicentre survey |journal=Complementary Therapies in Medicine |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=93–7 |year=2003 |pmid=12801494 |doi=10.1016/S0965-2299(03)00004-9}}</ref><ref name="pmid12564354"/><ref name = "pmid22106073">{{cite pmid | 22106073}}</ref> but does carry small but serious risks and adverse effects including death.<ref name = "pmid21440191">{{cite pmid|21440191 }}</ref>

The use of acupuncture for certain conditions has been tentatively endorsed by the United States [[National Institutes of Health]], the [[National Health Service]] of the [[United Kingdom]], the [[World Health Organization]],<ref name="NIH-1997consensus"/><ref name="WHO 2003.3"/> and the [[National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine]],<ref name="NCCAM2006-Acupuncture"/><ref name="nhs-Acupuncture">{{cite web |title=NHS Acupuncture Article |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/8068427.stm|publisher=BBC |year=2006 |accessdate=2009-05-26| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090528044944/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/8068427.stm| archivedate= 28 May 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref><ref name="NHS_ev"/><ref name="nhs-Acupuncture-two">{{cite web |title=NHS Acupuncture intro|url=http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Acupuncture/Pages/Introduction.aspx|publisher=NHS |year=2009|accessdate=2012-02-25}}</ref> though most of these endorsements have been criticized.<ref name = QuackwatchSampson/><ref name=" Lancet_WHO_2005"/><ref name=TorT>{{cite book|title=Trick or Treatment: The Undeniable Facts about Alternative Medicine|author=Singh S, Ernst E|year=2008|chapter=2. The Truth about Acupuncture|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=TnDHoXyi388C&pg=PA39#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=2011-06-15|isbn=978-0-393-33778-5}}</ref>

==notes==
<references/>

Acupuncture - Revision history

Djehuti: 1 revision imported