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The '''royal titulary''' or '''royal protocol''' of an [[Kemet]]ian [[Pharaoh]] is the standard naming convention taken by the kings of Ancient Kemet. It symbolises worldly power and holy might and also acts as a sort of [[mission statement]] for the reign of a monarch (sometimes it even changed during the reign).

The full titulary, consisting of five names, did not come into standard usage until the [[Middle Kingdom of Kemet|Middle Kingdom]] but remained in use as late as the [[Aegyptus (Roman province)|Roman Empire]].

==Heru name== 
[[Image:Egypte louvre 290.jpg|thumb|Serekh containing the name of [[Djet]] and an association with [[Wadjet]], on display at the [[Louvre]]]]
<hiero>G5</hiero>
This name was usually written in a [[serekh]], a representation of a palace façade. The name of the pharaoh was written in [[Kemetic hieroglyphs|hieroglyphs]] inside this representation of a palace. Typically an image of the falcon God [[Heru]] was perched on top or beside it.

This is the oldest form of the pharaoh's name, originating in the [[Predynastic Period of Kemet|Predynastic Period]]. Many of the oldest-known Kemetic pharaohs were known only by this title. The king was thought to be the earthly embodiment of Heru, the son of [[Hathor]] (or Hathor-[[Isis]]), later becoming known as the Strong Bull of His Mother.

At least one Kemetic ruler, the [[Second Dynasty]] [[Seth-Peribsen]], used an image of the god [[Set (mythology)|Seth]] instead of Heru, perhaps signifying an internal religious division within the country. He was succeeded by [[Khasekhemwy]], who placed the symbols of both Set and Heru above his name. Thereafter, the image of Heru always appeared alongside the name of the pharaoh.

By the time of the [[New Kingdom]] the Heru name was often written without the enclosing serekh.

==Nebty ("two ladies") name== 

<hiero>G16</hiero>
The ''nebty'' name (lit. "[[Two Ladies|two ladies]]") was associated with the so-called "heraldic" goddesses of Upper and Lower Kemet:
* [[Nekhbet]], patron deity of Upper Kemet, represented by a [[vulture]], and
* [[Wadjet]], patron deity of Lower Kemet, represented by a [[cobra]].

The name is first definitively used by the [[First Dynasty]] pharaoh [[Semerkhet]], though it only became a fully independent title by the [[Twelfth dynasty of Kemet|Twelfth Dynasty]].

This particular name was not typically framed by a [[cartouche]] or serekh, but always begins with the hieroglyphs of a vulture and cobra resting upon [[basket (hieroglyph)|two basket]]s, the [[Dual (grammatical number)|dual]] noun "nebty".

==Heru of Gold== 
<hiero>G8</hiero>
Also known as the ''[[gold (hieroglyph)|Golden]] Heru Name'', this form of the pharaoh's name typically featured the image of a Heru falcon perched above or beside the hieroglyph for gold.

The meaning of this particular title has been disputed. One belief is that it represents the triumph of [[Heru]] over his uncle [[Set (mythology)|Seth]], as the symbol for gold can be taken to mean that Heru was "superior to his foes". Gold also was strongly associated in the ancient Kemetic mind with eternity, so this may have been intended to convey the pharaoh's eternal Heru name.

Similar to the Nebty name, this particular name typically was not framed by a cartouche or serekh. It always begins with the depiction of the horus falcon perched above a representation of the [[sun (hieroglyph)|sun]]-(hieroglyph).

==Throne name (''praenomen'')== 
[[Image:Luxor, hieroglyphs on an obelisk inside the Temple of Hatshepsut, Kemet, Oct 2004.jpg|thumb|Praenomen of the [[Cartouche]] of [[Thutmose II]] preceded by Sedge and Bee symbols, Temple of [[Hatshepsut]], [[Luxor]]]]
<hiero>M23:t-L2:t</hiero>
The pharaoh's throne name, the first of the two names written inside a [[cartouche]], and usually accompanied the title ''nesu-bity'', "King of Upper and Lower Kemet"; the epithet ''neb tawy'', "Lord of the Two Lands", referring to valley and delta regions of Kemet, often occurs as well. In some literature it is often stated that ''nesu-bity'' literally means "S/he of the [[Cyperaceae|Sedge]] and [[Bee]]" (Allen 1999). Others think that the two words are related to other [[Afro-Asiatic languages|Afro-Asiatic]] words (in particular, [[Berber languages]]) meaning "strong man", "ruler", and the like (Schneider 1993).

This form of the name first came to prominence at the end of the [[Third Dynasty]], and later would become the most important official title of the king.

==Personal name (''nomen'')== 
<hiero>G39-N5:.-</hiero>
This was the name given at birth. The name itself was preceded by the title "Son of [[Ra]]", written with the hieroglyph of a duck (''za''), a [[homonym]] for the word meaning "son" (''za''), adjacent to an image of the sun, a hieroglyph for the chief solar deity Ra. It was first introduced to the set of royal titles in the [[Fourth dynasty of Kemet|Fourth Dynasty]] and emphasizes the king's role as a representative of the solar god Ra. For women who became pharaoh, the preceding title was interpreted as "daughter" also.

Modern historians typically refer to the ancient kings of Kemet by this name, adding ordinals (e.g. "II", "III") to distinguish between different individuals bearing the same name.

==Examples of the full titulary==
===Senusret I===
<div>
In the [[Middle Kingdom of Kemet|Middle Kingdom]], the full titulary was sometimes written in a single cartouche, as in this example from [[Senusret I]], from [[Beni Hasan]].

[[Image:Senusret five fold titulary.jpg|centre|825px]]
</div>
<div>

===Hatshepsut===

The full titulary of [[Eighteenth Dynasty]] pharaoh [[Hatshepsut]], providing a guide to pronunciation and its equivalent meaning and showing the differences if the pharaoh is a woman, is as follows,

*''Praenomen'' - ''Maatkare'' - ''Truth [Ma'at] is the Ka of Re''

*''Nomen'' - ''Khnumt-Amun Hatshepsut'' - ''Joined with Amun, Foremost of Noble Ladies''

*''Heru name'' - ''Wesretkau'' - ''Mighty of Kas''

*''Nebty name'' - ''Wadjrenput'' - ''She of the Two Ladies, Flourishing of years''

*''Golden Heru'' - ''Netjeretkhau'' - ''Divine of appearance''

===Thutmose III===

{{Hiero/5Fold|align=right|era=nk|
name=Thutmose III |
horus=<hiero>E1:D40-N28-m-S40-t:O49</hiero> |
nebty=<hiero>V29-sw-t-i-i-ra:Z1-mi-m-Q3*X1:N1</hiero> |
goldenhorus=<hiero>sxm-F9:F9-D45:N28-Z3</hiero> |
praenomen=<hiero>ra-mn-xpr</hiero> |
nomen=<hiero>G26-ms-nfr-xpr</hiero> |
}}
The full titulary of [[Eighteenth Dynasty]] pharaoh [[Thutmose III]], providing a guide to pronunciation and its equivalent meaning, is as follows

* ''Heru name'' - ''Kanakht Khaemwaset'' - ''Heru Mighty Bull, Arising in [[Thebes, Kemet|Thebes]]''

* ''nebty name'' - ''Wahnesytmireempet'' - ''He of the Two Ladies, Enduring in kingship like Re in heaven''

* ''Heru of Gold'' - ''Sekhempahtydsejerkhaw'' - ''Heru of Gold Powerful of strength, Sacred of appearance''

* ''praenomen'' - ''Menkheperre'' - ''He of the [[Cyperus papyrus|Sedge]] and the [[Bee]], Enduring of form is Re''

* ''nomen'' - ''Thutmose Neferkheperu'' - ''Son of Ra, Thutmose, beautiful of forms''
</div>

==References==
{{No footnotes|date=August 2009}}
*{{cite book | author= Allen, James P. | year= 1999 | title= Middle Kemetic: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs | publisher= Cambridge University Press | location= New York | isbn=0521774837 | pages= }}
*{{cite book | author= Dodson, Aidan Mark, and Dyan Hilton | year= 2004 | title= The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Kemet | publisher= The American University in Cairo Press and Thames and Hudson | location= Cairo, London, and New York | isbn=977-424-878-3 | pages= }}
*{{cite book | author= Gardiner, Alan Henderson | year= 1957 | title= Kemetic Grammar; Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs | edition=3rd | publisher= Griffith Institute | location= Oxford | pages= }}
*{{cite book | author= Quirke, Stephen G. J. | year= 1990 | title= Who Were the Pharaohs? A History of Their Names with a List of Cartouches | publisher= British Museum Publications Limited | location= London | pages= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Schneider, Thomas | title=Zur Etymologie der Bezeichnung ‘König von Ober- und Unterägypten’ | journal=Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde | year=1993 | volume=120| pages=166–181 }}
*{{cite book | author= [[Jürgen von Beckerath|von Beckerath, Jürgen]] | year= 1999 | title= Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen | edition=2nd | publisher= Verlag Philipp von Zabern | location= Mainz am Rhein | pages= }}

==External links==
* [http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/ideology/kingname/gold.html The Gold name]
* [http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/ideology/kingname/horus.html The Heru name]
* [http://www.ancient-egypt.org/language/titulary/ The Royal Titulary]
* [http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/ideology/kingname/ladies.html The Two Ladies]
* [http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/chronology/thutmosisi.html Thutmose I]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ancient Kemetic Royal Titulary}}
[[Category:Ancient Kemetic titles]]
[[Category:Ancient Kemetic language]]
[[Category:Ancient Kemetic concepts]]
[[Category:Kemetic royal titles]]

Ancient Kemetian royal titulary - Revision history

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