imported>Koko CRAB: /* External links */

2024-06-19T12:37:52Z

External links

New page

{{Infobox Language
|name=Somali
|nativename=af Soomaali الصومالية
|states={{flag|Somalia}} ''{{flag|Somaliland}}'' (not recognized internationally) {{flag|Djibouti}} {{flag|Ethiopia}} {{flag|Yemen}} {{flag|Kenya}} Somali communities in the [[Middle East]], [[Europe]] and [[North America]]
|speakers=10-16 million native speakers and maybe 500,000 second language speakers.
|familycolor=Afro-Asiatic
|fam2=[[Cushitic languages|Cushitic]]
|fam3=[[East Cushitic languages|East]]
|fam4=[[Somali languages|Somali]]
|nation={{flag|Somalia}}
|iso1=so
|iso2=som
|iso3=som
|script=[[Latin]], [[Arabic]], [[Osmanya script]],
}}

The '''Somali language''' ({{lang-so|''Afsoomaali''}}, {{lang-ar|الصومالية}}) is a member of the [[East Cushitic languages|East Cushitic]] branch of the [[Afro-Asiatic languages|Afro-Asiatic]] language family. Its nearest relatives are [[Afar language|Afar]] and [[Oromo language|Oromo]]. Somali is the best documented of the [[Cushitic languages]],<ref>[http://www.springerlink.com/content/b14r67j54k377r7g/ A software tool for research in linguistics and lexicography: Application to Somali]</ref> with academic studies beginning before 1900.

==Number of speakers==
The exact number of speakers of Somali is unknown. One source estimates that there are 7.78 million speakers of Somali in Somalia itself (including Somaliland) and 12.65 million speakers globally.<ref name=ETHNOLOGUE-SOMALIA>[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=som Ethnologue: Somalia] Ethnologue.com</ref> A population estimate made by the Dutch Universiteitsbibliotheek Utrecht puts the Somali population somewhere between 10 and 15 million.<ref name=SOMALIA-HISTORICAL-DEMOGRAPHICAL-DATA>[http://www.library.uu.nl/wesp/populstat/Africa/somaliac.htm SOMALIA historical demographic data of the whole country] Universiteitsbibliotheek Utrecht</ref> Combined with a large international expatriate community, it is difficult to get a specific number of Somali speakers, but somewhere between 10 and 16 million worldwide seems a reasonable estimate. According to Gordon (2005), approximately 13 million people speak Somali, but upwards of 25 million individuals are commonly estimated to speak the language.[http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=202&menu=004]

==Geographic distribution==
The Somali language is spoken by [[Somali people|ethnic Somalis]] in [[Somalia]], ''[[Somaliland]]'',<ref>Somaliland is a ''de facto'' independent state, but has not been recognized internationally. The international community officially considers it to be part of Somalia.</ref> [[Djibouti]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Yemen]] and [[Kenya]], and by the [[Somali diaspora]].

===Official status===
{{Culture of Somalia}}
Somali has been the national language of [[Somalia]] since 1972, gaining official status with standardization (Standard Somali) and the adoption of the [[Latin alphabet]], developed under orders of then president [[Siad Barre]]. [[Shire Jama Ahmed]]'s script became The Official Somali Language Script. For nine years, The Somali Language Committee sifted through 18 competing scripts. The Committee was first commissioned in 1961 by [[Aden Abdulle Osman Daar]], Somalia's first post-colonial president.

After the collapse of the central Somali government in the [[Somali civil war]] in the 1990s, Somali has remained an official language or ''de facto'' national language of the various regional governments such as [[Somaliland]] and [[Puntland]].

===Dialects===
[[File:Somali map.jpg|thumb|left|Map of Somali language distribution]]
Somali dialects are divided into three main groups: Northern, Benaadir and Maay. Northern Somali (or Northern-Central Somali) forms the basis for Standard Somali. Benaadir (also known as Coastal Somali) is spoken on the [[Benadir]] Coast from [[Cadale]] to south of [[Marka]], including [[Mogadishu]], and in the immediate hinterland. The coastal dialects have additional phonemes which do not exist in Standard Somali.

The [[Digil]] and [[Mirifle]] clans (sometimes called [[Rahanweyn]]) live in the southern areas of Somalia. Recent research (Diriye Abdullahi, 2000) has shown that, although previously classified with Somali, their languages and dialects are incomprehensible to many Somali speakers. The most important language of the Digil and Mirifle is [[Maay language|Maay]]. Other languages in this category are Jiido, Dabare, Garre, and Central Tunni. Of all these, Jiido is the most incomprehensible to Somali speakers. One important aspect in which the languages of the Digil and Mirifle differ from Somali is the lack of pharyngeal sounds. The retroflex {{IPA|/ɖ/}} is also replaced by {{IPA|/r/}} in some positions.

==Sounds and phonology==
{{main|Somali phonology}}

Somali has 22 consonant [[phoneme]]s, with at least one in every place of articulation described on the [[IPA]] chart, except [[epiglottal]]. It has five basic vowel sounds, each having a front and back variation, as well as long or short versions, giving distinct 20 pure vowel sounds. It also exhibits three tones: high, low and falling.

==Grammar==
{{main|Somali grammar}}

Somali is an [[agglutinative]] language, using a number of markers for case, gender and number. Characteristic differences between Somali and most [[Indo-European languages]] include multiple forms of most personal pronouns, the use of particles to signify the focus of a sentence, extensive use of tone to denote differences in case and number, and gender polarity (the gender of many words is different in the singular and plural forms).

==Vocabulary==
Somali contains a number of [[loan words]] from [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]], and the former colonial languages [[English language|English]] and [[Italian language|Italian]]. Somalis are almost exclusively [[Sunni Islam|Sunni Muslims]] and the language has taken much religious terminology from Arabic. From the pastoral epoch there are Arabic loan words for objects of settled living such as the Somali ''albaabka'' (the door), from the Arabic الباب ''al baab'', which displays the same inclusion of the definite article as do many European words derived from Arabic.

A large number of [[neologism]]s were created after Somali became the official language to express concepts used in government and education.

==Writing system==
===Overview===
{{main|Somali alphabet}}
[[Image:Somali Stone.jpg|thumb|right|190px|14th century [[Somali]]-[[Arabic|Arabo]] [[stone tablet]] from the [[Ajuuraan State|Ajuuraan Period]].]]
An ancient script seems to have been used to write Somali.<ref>Ministry of Information and National Guidance, Somalia, ''The writing of the Somali language'', (Ministry of Information and National Guidance: 1974), p.5</ref> Since then a number of [[writing system]]s have been used for transcribing the language. Of these, the [[Somali alphabet|Somali Latin alphabet]] is the most widely-used, and has been the official writing script in Somalia since the government of former President of Somalia [[Mohamed Siad Barre]] formally introduced it in October 1972.<ref>Economist Intelligence Unit (Great Britain), ''Middle East annual review'', (1975), p.229</ref> The script was developed by the Somali linguist [[Shire Jama Ahmed]] specifically for the Somali language, and uses all letters of the English Latin alphabet except ''p'', ''v'' and ''z''. This alphabet has 21 consonants and 5 vowels. There are no [[diacritics]] or other special characters except the use of the apostrophe for the [[glottal stop]], which is not word-initial. There are three consonant [[Digraph (orthography)|digraphs]]: DH, KH and SH. Tone is not marked; front and back vowels are not distinguished. Capital letters are used at the beginning of a sentence and for proper names.

Starting from 1960, debate about which writing system to use for transcribing the Somali language dragged on for nine years. No fewer than a dozen linguists were tasked with developing a workable script. Eventually, Shire Jama Ahmed's refined Somali Latin script was adopted, an alphabet which he used to publish pamphlets and small ''Af Soomaali'' drillbooks in his own [[printing press]]. Ahmed argued that even though most people were in favor of using the Arabic script, it was more practical to use Latin primarily due to its simplicity, the fact that it lent itself well to writing Somali since it could cope with all of the sounds in the language, and the already widespread existence of machines and typewriters designed for its use.<ref>Andrew Simpson, ''Language and National Identity in Africa'', (Oxford University Press: 2008), p.288</ref>

Besides Ahmed's Latin script, other orthographies that have been used for centuries for writing Somali include the long-established [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic script]] and [[Wadaad's writing]].<ref>http://www.nlscorps.org/Languages/SM.aspx</ref> Indigenous writing systems developed in the twentieth century include the [[Osmanya script|Osmanya]], [[Borama script|Borama]] and [[Kaddare script|Kaddare]] scripts, which were invented by [[Osman Yusuf Kenadid]], [[Sheikh Abdurahman Sheikh Nuur]] and [[Hussein Sheikh Ahmed Kaddare]], respectively.<ref>David D. Laitin, ''Politics, Language, and Thought: The Somali Experience'', (University Of Chicago Press: 1977), pp.86-87</ref>

===Modern history===
Before the arrival of the Italians and British, educated Somalis and religious fraternities either wrote in Arabic or used an ad hoc transliteration of Somali into Arabic script referred to as [[Wadaad's writing]]. Most of the renowned Somali rebel leader [[Mohammed Abdullah Hassan|Sayyid Mohammed Abdullah Hassan]]'s missives, including a letter he wrote to a scholar who betrayed him to the colonial powers, were in Arabic. [[Qur'an]]ic schools ([[madrassa]]s) were ubiquitous throughout Somalia, so children were exposed to the Arabic alphabet from a very young age. Material first discovered in 1940, mainly ancient letters and tomb inscriptions, demonstrates that the Somali language, like the [[Urdu language|Urdu]] and [[Persian language|Persian]] languages, had long been written with the Arabic alphabet. However, this was likely not codified, and questions remain about the extent of its use.

A number of attempts had been made from the 1920s onwards to standardize the language using a number of different alphabets.
Pamphlets explaining the new standardization were released to the public in a soccer stadium in [[Mogadishu]] on October 10, 1972.

The first comprehensive dictionaries were produced in 1976, the ''Qaamuus kooban ee af Soomaali ah'' and ''Qaamuuska Af-Soomaaliga''. On the orders of the Barre regime, civil servants were required to pass language proficiency exams, and a vast literacy campaign was launched wherein students were sent to rural areas to teach others the new script. By 1978, the majority of Somalis were reportedly literate. This would go down historically as one the fastest developments of mass literacy anywhere in the world.

==See also==
*[[Afro-Asiatic languages]]
*[[Osmanya script]]
*[[Borama script]]
*[[Kaddare script]]
*[[Wadaad's writing]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
#Diriye Abdullahi, Mohamed. 2000. ''Le Somali, dialectes et histoire''. Ph.D. dissertation, Université de Montréal.
#Saeed, John Ibrahim. 1987. ''Somali Reference Grammar.'' Springfield, VA: Dunwoody Press.
#Saeed, John Ibrahim. 1999. ''Somali''. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

== Further reading ==
#L.E. Armstrong. 1964. "The phonetic structure of Somali," ''Mitteilungen des Seminars für Orientalische Sprachen Berlin'' 37/3:116-161.
#C.R.V. Bell. 1953. ''The Somali Language''. London: Longmans, Green & Co.
#Jörg Berchem. 1991. ''Referenzgrammatik des Somali''. Köln: Omimee.
#G.R. Cardona. 1981. "Profilo fonologico del somalo," ''Fonologia e lessico''. Ed. G.R. Cardona & F. Agostini. Rome: Dipartimento per la Cooperazione allo Sviluppo; Comitato Tecnico Linguistico per l'Università Nazionale Somala, Ministero degli Affari Esteri. Volume 1, pages 3–26.
#Elena Z. Dobnova. 1990. ''Sovremennyj somalijskij jazyk''. Moskva: Nauka.
#Annarita Puglielli. 1997. "Somali Phonology," ''Phonologies of Asia and Africa, Volume 1''. Ed. Alan S. Kaye. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. Pages 521-535.

==External links==
{{InterWiki|code=so}}
*[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=som Ethnologue report on Somali]
*[http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definition/Somali-english/ Somali - English Dictionary]
*[http://www.omniglot.com/writing/somali.htm Omniglot page on Osmanya and the Somali Latin alphabet]
*[http://somalinet.com/library/osmaniya/?show=micheal_int Osmanya considered for the Universal Character Set]
*[http://www.panafril10n.org/wikidoc/pmwiki.php/PanAfrLoc/Somali PanAfrican L10n page on Somali]
*[http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.geocities.com/paris/louvre/2521/somali.html&date=2009-10-26+00:12:33 The Somali Language Page: The resources, the links, the information on the Somali language.]
*[http://hooyo.web.free.fr/E_table.html Hooyo.Web], Somali Grammar

{{African Union languages}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Somali Language}}
[[Category:Agglutinative languages]]
[[Category:Afro-Asiatic languages]]
[[Category:Cushitic languages]]
[[Category:East Cushitic languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Somalia]]
[[Category:Languages of Ethiopia]]
[[Category:Somali language| ]]

Somali language - Revision history

imported>Koko CRAB: /* External links */